Instructional Formats and Approaches to Learning

A daily schedule that allows children to make choices, learn in varied group sizes and environments, and receive individualized support results in higher engagement. Daily activities should cover a wide range of learning areas with both planned and unplanned opportunities for children to practice new concepts throughout the day. Although routines and transitions are typically not settings where learning occurs, a teacher who incorporates incidental learning into these routines is taking advantage of these opportunities to provide a meaningful activity and add instruction. Filling these “down times” may also reduce children’s misbehavior as busy children are less likely to misbehave. Children and adults alike can benefit from a well-planned schedule!

Select to learn more about the measures in this subcategory.
  • Intentional Instructional Activities (P-IFAL-01): This measure looks at whether intentional instructional activities are balanced between teacher-directed and child-directed. Teacher-directed activities are those in which the teacher leads and directs the play. Child-directed activities are those in which children lead and direct the play. Activities, play, and conversations should be initiated in balanced ways by both teachers and children. This can look like the teacher reading a book to the class (teacher-directed), doing a transition activity to send the children to centers (teacher-directed), or having children play in centers and checking in on them to expand on their play (child-directed). Teachers should be attentive to children’s suggestions and input about what they like to do, while also taking responsibility for introducing engaging and challenging activities and experiences that support all children’s learning.
  • Balance of Activities (P-IFAL-02): This measure looks at whether the daily schedule demonstrates a balance of both teacher- and child-initiated planned daily activities. Scheduled parts of the day when the teacher will typically lead the instruction, including circle time, story time, and small group. Scheduled parts of the day when children will have free choice include tummy time, centers, and free play.
  • Incidental Learning (P-IFAL-03): This measure refers to how consistently the teacher adds incidental learning to routines and transitions. Routines and transitions are typically not a setting where learning activities are planned. A teacher who adds incidental learning to these routines is taking advantage of these opportunities to provide a meaningful activity or learning experience for children. Note that incidental learning is typically not a lengthy routine.
  • Planned Transition Times (P-IFAL-04): This measure refers to the quality of transition times by considering how organized and prepared the teacher is to begin activities and whether there are long waits between children’s activities. For example, a teacher has a basket next to her from which she pulls out the materials she needs for whole group activities across the day, versus children waiting while she looks for the materials in between activities.
  • Repeated Exposure of a New Concept (P-IFAL-05): This measure focuses on how consistently new concepts are integrated throughout the day in different learning contexts. “Learning contexts” refer to parts of the children’s daily schedule such as lunch, circle time, outdoors, and centers. Repeating learning concepts across the day helps children make meaningful connections and build their understanding of the concept.
  • Data-Driven Instruction (P-IFAL-06): This measure focuses on how classrooms use child progress monitoring tools to guide their instructional planning for the children in their class. It also measures whether a system is used to support children’s transitions between age groups/classrooms and/or into kindergarten.
Jump to explore trainings and resources that support this subcategory: Trainings  |  Resources

TRAININGS

Circle Infant and Toddler Teacher Training – Grow with Me: Understanding and Using Developmental Assessments

Grow with Me is a course designed to provide caregivers of infants and toddlers with the skills and knowledge to support developmental assessment. This course focuses on the importance of monitoring young children’s developmental progress, different methods and formats of assessment including developmental milestones checklists, factors to consider when assessing young children from diverse backgrounds, and what to do with assessment results for an individual child, whole classroom, or program.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler
Resource Type: Online Course
Classroom Transitions

Classroom Transitions, created by Head Start Early Childhood Learning & Knowledge Center, is a brief presentation on classroom transitions. Practitioners will learn about some effective strategies or methods for helping children make smooth transitions from one classroom activity to the next to avoid disruption and long waits between activities.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Webinar
eCircle Professional Development

eCircle is for teachers and administrators serving children 3 to 6 years of age. This suite of 16 courses includes video-based demonstrations of effective instructional practices, as well as application-based assignments and activities. Participants will learn strategies for balanced instruction across a variety of settings, formats, and learning domains. eCircle is available at no cost.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Online Course
The Environment: Schedules and Routines for Infants and Toddlers

This lesson explores ways caregivers can create appropriate schedules and routines to help infants and toddlers feel safe, relaxed, and ready to explore and learn. Caregivers can extend learning across activity settings and formats, even with the littlest learners.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler
Resource Type: Online Course
The Environment: Schedules and Routines for Preschoolers

Designing your schedule and space to support effective routines helps promote preschool-aged children’s development and learning. This lesson will focus on providing a flexible schedule that extends learning throughout the day in both formal and informal settings.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Online Course
The Environment: Schedules and Routines for School-Age Students

This lesson will focus on constructing a flexible schedule that balances instructional activities and uses intentional approaches to learning. Teachers can promote independence by giving school-age children choice in their schedule as their needs and interests change.

Age group(s): School-age
Resource Type: Online Course

RESOURCES

 

 

Select an assessment measure to explore examples, activities, and tools that support quality improvement for that measure.

Different Ways to Play, is a lesson teachers can use to help toddlers experience play in new ways. The resource highlights ways teachers can allow a child’s wondering about the rain dictate what type of activity they choose to play outdoors.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Activity
Intentional Instructional Activities

This video depicts practitioners of all age groups engaging in intentional instructional activities in different settings throughout the day. The instructional activities shown depict a balance between teacher-directed instruction, where the teacher leads and directs the play, and child-initiated activities, where the child leads the direction of a conversation, activity, or play.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example

This recording provides information on how teachers can offer a balance of teacher-initiated instructional opportunities while still allowing time for child-directed activities throughout the day. This video is a part of a larger professional development series.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example

This sample infant classroom daily schedule shows set time frames of specific activities to be done throughout the day. The schedule is balanced with a mixture of opportunities for both teacher-initiated activities and times where infants can initiate what they would like to do within those set times.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Example Document

This sample preschool classroom daily schedule shows set time frames of specific activities to be done throughout the day. The schedule is balanced with a mixture of opportunities for both teacher-initiated activities and times where preschool children can initiate what they would like to do or talk about within those set times.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Example Document

This video from Head Start shows how schedules and routines help to promote children’s learning. A daily schedule that allows children to make choices, learn in varied group sizes and environments, and receive individualized support results in higher engagement. This video is a part of a larger professional development suite.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example

This sample school age daily schedule shows set time frames of specific activities to be done when participating in a before school and after school program. The schedule is balanced with a mixture of opportunities for both teacher-initiated activities and times where school age children can initiate what they would like to do or talk about within those set times.

Age group(s): School-age
Resource Type: Example Document

This sample toddler classroom daily schedule shows set time frames of specific activities to be done throughout the day. The schedule is balanced with a mixture of opportunities for both teacher-initiated activities and times where toddlers can initiate what they would like to do or talk about within those set times.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Example Document
Classroom Management – Transition (Exemplar 4)

After a lesson on emotions, this teacher transitions children from small group to centers using a song from the lesson. The transition allows the children to move quickly from their current space to another with limited disruptions and with very little wait time.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Video Example

Teachers can use this collection of counting transitions to provide incidental learning while children move from one activity to another. Adding incidental learning to routine and transition times is an efficient and enjoyable way to help children build school-readiness skills.

Age group(s): Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Activity
Incidental Learning

In this video, we see teachers use routine and transition times as opportunities to learn. They count, model and encourage language, and practice early literacy skills.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example

Teachers can use this collection of letter knowledge transitions to encourage learning while children move from one activity to another. Adding incidental learning to routine and transition times is an efficient and enjoyable way to help children build school-readiness skills.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Activity

Teachers can use this word-reading game as an intentional activity on its own or to transition children. Because the goal of the game is to recognize words quickly, children don’t have to wait a long time for their turn.

Age group(s): Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Activity
Classroom Management – Transition (Exemplar 2)

This video shows a teacher explaining to children how to separate words into syllables during a planned, cognitive transition. The transition, because it is planned, helps minimize disruptions that could happen while moving from one area to another.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Video Example
Classroom Management – Transition (Exemplar 3)

Using Willaby Wallaby Woo, as a planned rhyming transition, the teachers in this video are moving the children from whole group to small groups without much wait time. The decreased wait time also decreases the opportunity for disruptions while the children transition from one space in the room to another.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Video Example
Math – Transition

In this planned transition game, the teacher uses a die to move the children from whole group to center time. Implementing a planned transition helps the teacher avoid long waits which could lead to classroom disruptions.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Video Example
Planned Transition Times

The teachers in this video make the most of transition times by singing songs, counting, playing games, and preparing snacks.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example
Print Knowledge, Letter Knowledge and Early Reading – Transition (Exemplar 1)

During a transition activity, a teacher asks children to name the first letter in their name and to make the sound for the letter. This activity allows the teacher to transition the children from circle time to small groups without many disruptions or long waits.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Video Example
Print Knowledge, Letter Knowledge and Early Reading – Transition (Exemplar 2)

This letter wall activity shows a teacher using a planned transition to move children from group time to center time. Adding planned transitions helps reduce confusion as children change learning spaces throughout the day.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Video Example

Different Ways to Play, is a lesson teachers can use to help toddlers experience play in new ways. The resource highlights teacher directed instructional ideas about experiencing the rain throughout the day in different settings.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Activity
Repeated Exposure

In this Texas Rising Star video, there are multiple video segments that show teachers teaching a new concept. The teachers show how they are able to carry the same concept over into many different learning environments throughout the day.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example

This broad collection of resources includes an assessment guide for program leaders and strategies for observing young children. Although this site was developed for Head Start programs, much of the content explores assessment practices that apply to all types of early learning programs.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool
Resource Type: Toolkit

The Circle Progress Monitoring System (CPM) supports early learning programs in conducting formal assessments that measure children’s developmental progress. The CPM Observables checklists are printed versions of the CPM observable assessments on CLI Engage. Teachers can use these checklists to track student skill development throughout the year.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Assessment

Circle Progress Monitoring System (CPM) supports early learning programs in conducting formal assessments that measure children’s developmental progress. The CPM User Guide provides a thorough overview of the assessment, the component domains, and the sub-measures. The guide also includes directions for offline assessment, general administration guidelines, and recommendations for assessment environments.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Guide

This course by Texas A&M AgriLife explores how curriculum and assessment are implemented through a model of planning, assessment, and modification. This course is $12 to access.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Online Course

This guide provides information and resources to build practitioners’ knowledge on using student assessment tools, informal or formal, to track students’ learning. This learning resource acts as a support to practitioners when measuring children’s developmental progress, and it provides a general written process for using student assessment tools to inform instruction.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool
Resource Type: Publication

Assessment practices should include receiving input from families on children’s developing skills. The Circle Progress Monitoring: Family Observation Forms are appropriate for preschool children and can be used in conversations with families to identify skills that could be supported at home and at the program.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Observation Form

This course from Texas A&M AgriLife offers practical tips on how to prepare to do assessments in preschool classrooms and how to best support children using assessment results. The course is $12 to access.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool
Resource Type: Online Course
Selecting Students for Small-Group Instruction

This video follows a pre-K teacher as she uses Circle Progress Monitoring data to select a small group of children who would benefit from more targeted support.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Video Example

The Small Grouping Tool  in CLI Engage groups children with scores below age-related benchmarks and recommends activities from the Circle Activity Collection: Pre-K to Grade 2 Classroom for further skill development. Learn more about this tool in this how-to guide.

Age group(s): Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Guide
The Teaching and Learning Cycle

The teaching and learning cycle provides a structure to achieve reflective teaching and effective learning. When teachers collect ongoing assessment data, they can evaluate children’s needs and then use the information to guide instruction. Taking the time to analyze child assessment results and data, and then reflecting on instructional practices, can lead to informed decisions on when to add new activities, how to modify lessons, and how to create targeted small groups. (18 minutes)

Age group(s): Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Webinar

Formative assessment is an ongoing process that teachers use to gather information about children’s knowledge, skills, and abilities. This information enables educators to tailor instruction and better support children’s learning and development. (6 minutes)

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Webinar

This guide from the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) focuses on how schools can make use of assessment data to improve teaching and learning. The guide recommends that schools set a clear vision for schoolwide data use, develop a data-driven culture, and make data part of an ongoing cycle of instructional improvement.

Age group(s): Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Guide