Warm and Responsive Style

Teachers can build a warm and safe environment by attending to children’s needs and responding in ways that keep the conversation going. If the teacher is warm and responsive, the children will feel safe and comfortable in the classroom. A warm and responsive style supports children’s social, emotional, cognitive, academic, and physical well-being (Bowman et al., 2001; see also U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012), and contributes to positive effects seen years into the future.

Select to learn more about the measures in this subcategory.
  • Warm Environment (P-WRS-01): This measure refers to teachers’ ability to create a warm, safe, and nurturing environment and refrain from using negative or harsh language, behaviors, and discipline. If the teacher is warm and responsive, the children will feel safe and comfortable in the classroom. For example, if a child spills her food, the teacher can say in a positive tone, “Uh oh, you spilled your food. Let’s clean it up together.” In contrast, teachers should avoid speaking negatively or harshly, for example, “Why did you spill your food? Now I have to clean it up.”
  • Positive Nonverbal Behaviors (P-WRS-02): This measure pertains to teachers using frequent, positive, nonverbal behaviors to increase feelings of acceptance among children. Nonverbal behaviors refer to the teacher’s facial expressions, body movements, and gestures. Positive nonverbal behaviors include making eye contact, smiling, using affectionate or reassuring touch, and allowing children to move closer to the teacher. On the other hand, negative nonverbal behaviors, such as scowling, rolling of eyes, physical control, threats, abrupt grabbing, and roughly pushing children, signify rejection.
  • Patient, Relaxed Style (P-WRS-03): This measure focuses on the teacher’s typical style for maintaining calm in the classroom. It considers the teacher’s patience and relaxed handling of conflicts as they arise, especially when children need the teacher’s immediate attention and support during class. When a teacher has a rushed, overwhelmed, or impatient style, the teacher tends to use a negative tone of voice, is hurried, or reacts negatively to the children’s signs of stress or rising tension. In contrast, a teacher who uses a relaxed and calm style keeps a positive tone of voice, does not rush, is relaxed and patient when interacting, and responds calmly amidst stress or rising tension in the classroom.
  • Notices and Attends to Needs and Signals (P-WRS-04): This measure analyzes how teachers recognize and respond to children’s verbal and non-verbal signals caused by stress, shyness, or withdrawnness. For example, if a child looks frustrated while doing homework, the teacher can positively respond by checking on the child and providing the proper assistance. If the teacher ignores the child’s frustration by preparing snacks for the next class instead, the teacher has exhibited a negative reaction.
  • Responds Promptly to Signals (P-WRS-05): This measure looks at how sensitive teachers are to the needs of their students and how promptly they respond to such needs. Teachers must effectively and promptly comfort the children when they need reassurance. The teachers must also value the children’s needs, celebrate their accomplishments, and show acceptance by responding positively and using comforting words. For example, if an infant falls and cries, the teacher must comfort the child by picking the child up with care and hugging the child. At the same time, when a toddler says, “Look!” and shows the teacher their block tower, the teacher should say, “Good job! You did it!”
  • Ability to Adjust Behavior (P-WRS-06): Teachers who adjust well help build the children’s feelings of acceptance by adapting their interaction style to meet the needs of individual children. This measure analyzes how consistently teachers adjust their style to meet children’s differences (example: A teacher may talk softly to a shy or quiet child but may joke with a more boisterous child), how teachers consistently observe rejection or unfairness (example: Two children spill water on the table. The teacher approaches the children and reprimands only one child, saying, “You always make a mess. You need to go to another center.”), and how teachers can positively single out children by giving a child extra attention and praise or opportunities the teacher does not offer to the other children, which can foster negativity. (Please note that when teachers award children recognitions like “Special Helper” or “Star of the Class” for accomplishments and good behavior, such an act is not considered singling out children.)
Jump to explore trainings and resources that support this subcategory: Trainings  |  Resources

TRAININGS & RECOMMENDED READING

Build Relationships with Children

Build Relationships with Children, a publication created by the Department of Early Education and Care, gives readers relationship tips for children aged birth to three years. The techniques described can be used to ensure children feel a sense of trust and well-being from the adults who care for them.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool
Resource Type: Publication
Building positive relationships in the early childhood classroom

Building positive relationships in the early childhood classroom, is a publication created by Penn State Extension which discusses ways to create warm trusting relationships with children. The document describes four methods teachers can use to ensure the children they care for feel safe and comfortable in their surroundings.

Age group(s): Toddler, Preschool
Resource Type: Publication
Circle Infant and Toddler Teacher Training – Connect with Me: Promoting Social and Emotional Development

Connect with Me is a five-part series of courses designed to provide teachers and caregivers of infants and toddlers with the skills and knowledge to support social and emotional development. Participants will learn about social-emotional milestones, theories, and long-term outcomes through video segments, expert interviews, and research-based resources. (10 hours)

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler
Resource Type: Online Course
Creating a peaceful environment for young children

This publication from Penn State Extension discusses ways to create a positive classroom atmosphere. The document describes strategies teachers can use to ensure the children they care for feel safe and comfortable in their surroundings.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Publication
DAP: Creating a Caring, Equitable Community of Learners

One of a child’s first communities are often early childhood classrooms. These classrooms are where they learn how to interact with and how to treat others. This article, DAP: Creating a Caring, Equitable Community of Learners, dives into ways teachers can create a community of caring learners by providing an environment where all members feel safe and welcome.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Publication
Get “In Tune”

Get “In Tune,” a publication created by the Department of Early Education and Care, gives teachers ideas on how they can have back-and-forth “talks” with babies before they can understand or speak. During these “talks,” the teachers will use kind and caring language, free from demeaning comments. This type of language helps to create a warm, safe, and nurturing environment.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler
Resource Type: Publication
Nurturing and Responsive Relationships (Preschool Module 1)

NCPMI’s Pyramid Model Preschool Module Series focuses on practices for building relationships with and promoting healthy relationships between children. This module includes resources and lists of practices teachers can implement to create a caring classroom community.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Training
Supporting Older Infants’ Learning

This professional development video from the WGBH Educational Foundation demonstrates how warm, responsive relationships help older infants feel safe, confident, and supported as they explore their environment and interact with others. It also highlights how talking with infants and responding to their gestures, sounds, and actions supports language development through meaningful back-and-forth conversations.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler
Resource Type: Training
Texas Infant, Toddler, and Three-Year-Old Guidelines Training – Early Social and Emotional Development

Caregivers can support young children in their ability to modulate their behavior and emotional expression by having realistic expectations and helping children develop self-regulation skills. This course discusses how teachers can promote self-regulation, practice appropriate transitions, and be responsive in stressful situations. (2 hours)

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler
Resource Type: Online Course

RESOURCES

 

Select an assessment measure to explore examples, activities, and tools that support quality improvement for that measure.

In this activity, the caregiver supports the baby’s social-emotional skills as they play a crawling and chasing game. As they play, the caregiver encourages the baby with praise and affection. Playing on the floor, within the baby’s view, increases a baby’s feelings of safety because they can see you clearly.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Activity
Creating Safety at Drop-Off

Watch how this teacher maintains a warm and inviting tone with a baby at drop-off, helping her feel safe as they say goodbye to mom and greet other children in the class. This teacher’s warmth likely made this transition much smoother for everyone!

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Video Example
Express Warmth and Affection (Infant)

This exemplar video segment shows an infant teacher expressing warmth and affection toward two babies in her classroom. Her interactions with the babies is positive and helps the children to feel safe and comfortable.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Video Example
Express Warmth and Affection (Toddler)

In this exemplar video, a toddler teacher welcomes a child into the classroom. Her expression of warmth and affection creates a feeling of safety and allows the child to feel comfortable in their learning environment.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example
Hide and Seek

In this video, a child and a caregiver play a game of “hide and seek.” Notice how the caregiver celebrates enthusiastically with the child when he finds her. These brief separations and reunions increase his feelings of safety and trust as he learns that his special person will be back soon.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example

This video from the Department of Early Education and Care shows teachers interacting with children in positive ways. The teachers in this video have created warm, safe, and nurturing environments that allow the children to feel comfortable as they learn. This video is a part of a larger professional development series.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example
Warm, Safe, Nurturing Environment

This exemplar video shows clips of teachers of all ages expressing warmth and affection to children in their classrooms. Their interactions are positive and the positivity helps the children feel safe and comfortable in their learning environments.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example
Body Part Rhymes

In this video, the caregiver smiles at the baby and touches him gently as she names each body part. Face-to-face play and soft touch are important nonverbal ways to build a secure relationship with a baby.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Video Example
Building Names

During this small group activity, the teacher shows interest in the children by nodding, smiling, and making eye contact at their level. These behaviors, along with the high fives, contribute to the children’s feeling of belonging.

Age group(s): Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example
Frequent Positive Nonverbal Behaviors

In this Texas Rising Star exemplar video, teachers of all age groups show how using frequent positive nonverbal behaviors help to increase children’s feelings of acceptance. In the video you will see teachers making eye contact, smiling at children and using reassuring touches to support children’s sense of belonging.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example
Hide and Seek

This video showcases how using frequent, positive nonverbal behaviors with children can increase their feelings of acceptance while playing a game. The teacher smiles, sits at the children’s level, and uses reassuring touch throughout the entire video.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example

This publication created by the PennState Extension gives readers research-based information on how teachers interactions with children affect their development. The publication gives strategies caregivers can use to demonstrate effective positive interactions throughout the day.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Publication

In the recording, teachers demonstrate how they use frequent, positive nonverbal behaviors like smiling and using reassuring touches to help babies in their care feel accepted. This video is a part of a larger professional development series.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Video Example
Walk the Line

The teacher in this video displays many positive nonverbal behaviors. She sits on the floor with the children as she explains the activity, she claps, she smiles, she invites children to sit close by, and she gives high-fives. These behaviors support children’s sense of acceptance in the classroom.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Photo Example
Author’s Chair

This teacher takes her time explaining the activity and modeling how to share writing aloud. She does not rush the child, and she shows interest by asking questions and bringing attention to the details in the drawing. The teacher remains patient as she facilitates conversations between the children.

Age group(s): Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example
Bird Nest Play

As the teacher reads aloud, she pauses to ask questions and talk with the children; she does not rush to finish the book. Her tone is consistently positive as she reads, talks, and makes believe with the children. Her relaxed and patient style makes the children feel comfortable as they build and explore their “nest.”

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Activity
Patient, Relaxed Style

This Texas Rising Star exemplar video showcases teachers of all age groups maintaining calm in the classroom. The teachers use positive voice tones, are patient and demonstrate a relaxed style as conflicts arise and children need support.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example
Stack and Nest

This caregiver’s responsiveness and positive tone of voice make the activity fun for the babies. Her relaxed style and ability to adjust based on children’s needs and interests keep the babies calm as they play with the stacking cups.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Video Example
Staying Patient in Busy Environments

Watch how this teacher stays patient and relaxed as she navigates a busy activity with several children. Her warm, relaxed style helps prevent conflict between children and helps one child transition to another activity when needed.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example

During this activity, children practice expressing their needs and wants, which creates opportunities for teachers to notice, interpret, and respond to children’s verbal and nonverbal signals. By engaging in these back-and-forth interactions, teachers can demonstrate responsiveness to children’s interests, needs, and requests.

Age group(s): Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Activity

Following the Child’s Lead, a publication created by Early Childhood Technical Assistance Center, gives an overview of how teachers can notice and attend to children’s signals and needs by simply following their lead.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Publication

Naturalistic Instruction Practices, a publication created by Early Childhood Technical Assistance Center, gives ideas on how teachers can respond to children’s needs and signals to support and encourage children’s engagement in child-initiated activities.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Publication
Notices Children’s Signals

This Texas Rising Star exemplar video highlights teachers of all age groups attending to children’s signals and needs. In the video, you will notice teachers responding to children’s verbal and non-verbal signs that they may need help, have questions, or might be frustrated.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example
Provide Comfort to Children in Distress (Infant)

This video shows ways teachers can comfort babies when they show signs of stress and discomfort. Noticing and attending to children’s signals allows babies to trust practitioners to meet their needs.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Video Example

This document from the Department of Early Education and Care describes techniques caregivers can use to respond promptly when they recognize that babies are using gestures.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Publication

In this activity, the baby will share a toy with a caregiver. As the baby participates in the turn-taking cycle, the caregiver must pay attention to the child’s signals to see if they are ready to give and receive the toy. Waiting for the baby to share and returning the toy to them when they signal that they want it builds trust.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Activity
Slot Drop

As this group of toddlers builds fine motor skills, the teacher notices and attends to their verbal and nonverbal signals. At the beginning of the video, she responds to the child’s suggestion by modeling the task. Then, later, she helps a child who struggles to put the top back on the container before she becomes frustrated.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example

In this recording, teachers demonstrate how to consistently notice and attend to children’s needs and signals as signs of stress arise or as children attempt to communicate by responding to their questions, comments, or vocalizations. This video is a part of a larger professional development series.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Video Example

As children practice asking for help and expressing their needs during this activity, teachers can model calm, supportive responses that help children feel valued and understood.

Age group(s): Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Activity
Be Predictable (Infant)

In this video from CLI, teachers demonstrate being predictable when caring for babies. Responding to signals promptly and predictably helps infants to begin to trust that their caregivers will consistently acknowledge their needs warmly and responsively.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Video Example
Be Predictable (Toddler)

In this video from CLI, teachers demonstrate being predictable when caring for toddlers. Responding to signals promptly and predictably helps children begin to trust that their caregivers will consistently acknowledge their needs in a warm and responsive manner.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example
Provide Comfort to Children in Distress (Toddler)

In this video, teachers demonstrate comforting toddlers in moments of distress. Responding promptly and sensitively to children when they show signs of discomfort helps them build a sense of trust in their caregivers.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example

This document from the Department of Early Education and Care describes techniques caregivers can use to respond promptly when they recognize that babies are using gestures.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Publication
Responds Promptly and Sensitively (Infant)

In this exemplar video, a teacher follows a baby’s lead and supports her by giving warm encouragement. Responding promptly and sensitively to infants builds trust and also enhances learning.

Age group(s): Infant
Resource Type: Video Example
Responds Promptly and Sensitively (Toddler)

In this exemplar video, a teacher demonstrates responding promptly and sensitively to two children as they ask for help in a busy classroom. Responding promptly and sensitively to children increases the likelihood that they will communicate about their needs, ideas, and interests.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example
Responds to Cognitive and Affective Signals

In this series of video segments, teachers respond sensitively to infants, toddlers, preschoolers, and after-school children throughout the day. Responding to signals promptly as they play, learn, and communicate helps children begin to trust their caregivers will consistently acknowledge their needs in a warm and responsive manner.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example
Social and Emotional Development – Sensitivity

In this exemplar video segment, a teacher responds promptly and warmly to a child who has questions about transitioning from circle time to centers. The teacher acknowledges the child’s thoughts and ideas about how the transition should be done and then explains why it must be done a certain way.

Age group(s): Preschool
Resource Type: Video Example
Adjusting to Children’s Interests

Watch how this teacher adjusts her play outside to include a child with different interests. By doing so, she is communicating to this child that his interests are important to her and communicating to other children that everyone in the class is valued.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example
Adjusting to Prevent Challenging Behaviors

In this example, a child is not ready to leave an activity—a refusal that can often lead to a power struggle. This teacher adjusts her approach to provide the child with an appropriate way to request more time. By doing this, she responds to his signals while also remaining clear about the upcoming transition.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example
Adjusts Own Behavior

In this series of exemplar video segments, teachers showcase their ability to adjust their behavior to meet the needs, interest and abilities of infant, toddlers, preschoolers and after school children throughout the day. The teachers show no preference or rejection towards any of the children in their care.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Video Example
Following a Child’s Lead

Watch how this teacher shifts from her own plan using the blocks to following the child’s lead. This is an example of adjusting teaching to be responsive to children’s signals, promoting both learning and feelings of safety.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example
Sponge Play

During this water play activity, the caregiver gives all children the attention and assistance they need. Three of the children need help squeezing the sponge, while one child can complete the task independently. When one toddler shows interest in pouring the water from one bowl to the other, the teacher encourages everyone to try it.

Age group(s): Toddler
Resource Type: Video Example

This publication from Penn State Extension describes temperament as a child’s emotional and behavioral way of responding to the world. The document provides ideas on how teachers or caregivers can demonstrate their ability to adjust their behavior in response to children’s temperaments.

Age group(s): Infant, Toddler, Preschool, School-age
Resource Type: Publication